Eschatology of Priesthood Essay

â€Å"Through the sacrosanct appointment and strategic they get from the religious administrators, clerics are elevated to the administration of Christ the Teacher, Priest and King; they are given an offer in his service, through which the Church here on earth is in effect unendingly incorporated up with the People of God, Christ’s Body and Temple of the Holy Spirit situated to Eternal life. † (PO, #1) The Eschatological Value of the Priesthood Basically, this is about pastoral brotherhood that office set apart to offer penance and intercede among God and individuals, to act in the individual of Jesus Christ as the Head and fill in as God’s mouthpiece to declare His sincere goal to humankind. Be that as it may, more than being on the â€Å"ideal† side, brotherhood is above all else arranged to support. â€Å"That office†¦ which the Lord focused on the ministers of his kin, is, in the severe feeling of the term, a help, which is called expressively in holy sacred writing a diakonia or ministry† (LG, #24). Organization is a service of administration, both to the regular ministry and to Christ the â€Å"great high priest†. Worker of the People towards God The appointed service is consistently at the administration of the normal brotherhood. â€Å"It ensures that it truly is Christ who acts in the ceremonies through the Holy Spirit for the Church. The sparing strategic by the Father to His manifest Son was focused on the missionaries and through them to their replacements: they get the Spirit of Jesus to act in his name and in his person†. (CCC, # 1120). Clerics are workers of the Church to cultivate its one and extreme end. That is, to proceed Jesus’ mission here on earth. They take individuals back to God-for them to accomplish salvation and later on be partakers of the radiant country. They serve God’s herd by ceaselessly supporting their confidence so the individuals may not go off to some far away place and later on discover their satisfaction in association with their maker. Through methods for purifications, the clerics are giving the individuals fundamental expectation so they could seek to that celestial guarantee of Jesus that we will be with Him in Paradise. Brotherhood is a lift of everyone’s confidence for us to achieve endless life-that is God’s guarantee to us (Psalm 15). So all these is arranged towards bringing individuals towards God; similarly, organization is additionally instrumental of bringing individuals from transgression and to all obliterations that gets us far from paradise. After censuring the call to sin and grasping the all-powerful intensity of God through their regular day to day existence, the individuals have that reasonable possibility of being with God, which is the essential finish of each man. â€Å"Man is made by God and for God; and God never stops to attract man to Himself. Just in God will he discover truth and bliss he searches constantly for†. (CCC, #27). Hireling of Christ Towards People Priesthood discovers its satisfaction in Jesus Christ, the God who intercedes among God and man. â€Å"The organization of Christ is made present in the ecclesiastical priesthood†¦ Only Christ is the genuine cleric, the others being just His ministers† (CCC, #1545). From this sense, ministers are made just sharers of that celestial undertaking of purifying the individuals for them to be unified with God. For us to achieve salvation and later on be sharers of the perfect state, we need Christ to assist us with accomplishing that position. So with respect to the ministers, they are helping Jesus to do His crucial on earth-to carry us closer to God. Ministers are collaborators of God. They are handmaids of God to do God’s cherishing plan. Clerics are completely reliant on Christ’s ministry, who is the â€Å"eternal high priest† (Hebrew 5:10; cf. 6:20; Gen. 14:18). Organization is aimed at unfurling of the baptismal beauty everything being equal, blessings of the Lord to us. Ministers are aides of the Lord to His vineyard, so that at long last we may all share the wonderful product of God’s work. Ministers are hirelings of Christ, as a matter of first importance, to carry individuals to paradise. Cleric as Mediator: Servant of God and Man Through the holy service, a man can serve God and His kin in the noblest structure. Clerics serve the Church, as a steady association of people with the end goal of accomplishing an end by activity sought after in like manner. Also, one with the Church, organization is the Church’s early stage resource. Brotherhood is speaking to that we come to encounter God’s sparing nearness, thus discover our lives changed with the goal that we could accomplish salvation and at long last enter the grand Jerusalem. As a middle person, â€Å"every minister is called to be, most importantly, a man of supplication to petition God for God’s individuals. By his crucial, is a listener to the Word of God; he loves it up in his heart and contemplates it. He has made the motivation behind his life to be an adorer of God in soul and in truth, and to help all the holy individuals of God to stay in the Word of the Lord, to ask and to discover an amalgamation among confidence and life, to the respect and wonder of God† (Bernard H? ring’s Meditation on the Sacrament of the Holy Orders). He made known God’s sparing nearness. At the point when God and man meet-that is paradise. What's more, that experience is the fundamental objective of a cleric, to overcome any barrier among God and man. In spite of the fact that he himself is both restricted and wicked, a cleric is depended by that great undertaking to set up solidarity. Salus Animarum-that is each man’s objective, a minister is a hireling of that objective so that at long last, he may achieve his own salvation. Organization isn't an assurance of paradise; rather, it is a modest path towards it. Ministry is without a doubt, intercession of God and Man. It constructs the correspondence. It fashions the experience. It is constantly situated to benefit man and of God so all, at long last see its last predetermination as with one another. That is the eschatological benefit of being a cleric to assist God with discovering His lost children and to assist His children with finding the best approach to God once more.

English Views of Native Americans During Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World Essay

English Views of Native Americans during Catholic-Protestant Conflict in the New World During the sixteenth and seventeenth century, as pilgrims from Europe kept on running to the New World, innovations were being presented that influenced English perspectives on Native Americans and how they saw Catholic, or all the more explicitly, Spanish treatment of the Natives. Numerous nations needed prevalence in the Americas and over do that they required more pioneers and backing from their countries. To achieve these objectives various methods were utilized. For England, the New World settlements filled an assortment of needs. To make sure about speculators through stock buys by giving them they would be all around remunerated, pull in new pilgrims, and to grow Protestantism in the New World to battle the Catholic development in the Americas (content 38). Aiding in these objectives were new advances that made a portion of the primary publicity. Numerous individuals in Europe dreaded the Native Americans, considering them savage and unseemly. Turmoil and this dread among the individuals most likely made many keep away from considering transplanting themselves and their family to an obscure mainland. In 1588 Thomas Harriot distributed the primary handout about existence in the New World. Portraying incredible climate, productive land, and an abundance of merchandise these works urged individuals to traverse the Atlantic. Alongside him, painter John White, depicted the Native Americans as a quiet people that could without much of a stretch coincide with Europeans. Taking freedoms from these artistic creations, Theodore de Bry, a protestant from Belgium, made copperplate inscriptions of cultivated Indians. These photos and perspectives on the Natives had a boundless intrigue across England and reduced feelings of dread of the New World which urged more pioneers to take the journey and more speculators to buy stock in colonizing organizations. Probably the greatest fight in the New World was among Catholic and Protestants to control the Americas. During this time Spain was the jealousy of Europe. With an enormous naval force they were one of the most impressive militaries on the planet, affluent, and flaunted numerous settlements in the New World. A few nations, particularly England, viewed Spain with scorn. Britain being a Protestant nation and Spain Catholic sat idle yet increment the pressure. General assessment was significant in this force battle. In 1598 Theodore de Bry republished Bartolome de Casa’s â€Å"Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (content 38-39)† which helped win supporters for the Protestant development and England’s privilege in the Americas. Initially this book was written in 1541 about Spanish abuse of the Indians. De Casa’s composing alongside de Bry’s realistic delineations stunned individuals of the torment and slaughtering of Indians by the Spaniards. The Protestants considered the To be as specialists of the villain who should have been cleansed from society in the New World. Unexpectedly this reasoning was dishonest as practically all nations, including England, abused the Native Americans all through colonization and for quite a long time to come. Many travel accounts were composed throughout the years that depicted a terrifying and energizing New World to the Europeans. While a large portion of these records were composed dependent on feeling and almost no realities, they had a significant spot among society and were ground-breaking in influencing people’s sentiments about Native Americans, the New World, and opponent European countries. New advancements of distributing and delineating at the time helped spread these records thoughts and sentiments quicker than any time in recent memory and we saw for conceivably the first run through ever a promulgation war.

Racial Profiling in Modern Society - Free Essay Example

In recent years, racial profiling has become a controversial matter throughout the US law enforcement policy. According to Miller (2007), racial profiling has become an omnipresent term throughout American policing, leading to an unclear consensus pertaining to its actual meaning. Society has formed a basic definition in concern with racial disparities in traffic stops from law enforcement. This influences the assumption of profiling to appear whether to hire, enforce a traffic stop, or even acknowledge suspicion of someone (Miller, 2007). While racial profiling brings a great amount of attention towards the public, policy makers, and police officers personally, one major outcome following this sort of attention aligns with the desire to bring attention towards the issue of policy that potentially prohibit this behavior that could be characterized as racial profiling (Miller, 2007). Focusing on the policy perspective of the issue, various nonprofit groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the Police Executive Research Forum, and even the International Association of Chiefs of Police have identified racial profiling as being a growing issue for law enforcement nationwide (Miller, 2007). The act of using ones race or ethnicity for justification of suspecting them of committing an offense has been portrayed in various ways, stopping drivers for minor traffic violations to carry out a search or deciding which pedestrian will be stopped and searched for illegal contraband. In addition, racial profiling has been used in means to target and exploit individuals in the investigation of illegal immigration and ties to terrorism. As the amount of profiling incidents remain continuous, the spotlight on the issue at hand continues to widen, including an increase in the tension and dispute within the trust of law enforcement to maintain public safety. While it may have a direct impact on the victims, racial profiling shows a ripple effect throughout the remainder of society in the aspects of business, health and public safety. Miller (2007) expresses that from policy makers and police officials points of views, profiling is a secluded issue that is influenced by the actions of t he small percentage of unprofessional and racist officers. As a result, associations such as the International Association of Chiefs of Police insist that profiling is as much of an issue for police as it can be for perception of the reality of the concept, leading police organizations to considering a seizure on profiling as a problem in order to encourage a change in public perception versus organized or officer behavior (Miller, 2007). In the study conducted by Miller (2007), he mentions a study by the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), and how it addresses the prevalence of police in response to threats directed at police image and legitimacy in regard to racial profiling. According to the data that was a result of this study by LEMAS, racial profiling has increased as a force culturally that leaves law enforcement unable to ignore. Since this data had been collected, it has been revealed that more and more law enforcement agencies are obtaining possession of a specific policy to address racial profiling (Miller, 2007). Before Racial Profiling While the term racial profiling has only been developed in recent years, the act of discrimination against ones race or ethnicity has been in use dating back to the pre-Civil War era. According to Harris (2006), this era had been known as a time of slaveholding giving citizens known as slave patrols the right to enter the homes of slaves, perform illegal searches and seizures, remove the resident from their home and administering beatings. What would later become recognized in the U.S. as a racial profiling scheme within law enforcement was related to the attempt by the U.S. government to attack drug trafficking beginning in the 1980s (Harris, 2006). Through this attempt the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration or DEA, would use a list of commonly known characteristics to construct drug courier profiles and these profiles would be used to take aim at passengers on commercial airliners who may potentially be transferring a certain quantity of narcotics (Harris, 2006). Following an ext ensive amount of time involving accusations and denials, eventually states began to pass some form of legislation regarding the question of racial profiling, and research by Harris (2006) shows that these laws have encouraged data on police stops and searches and race to be gathered by law enforcement departments that are initially not obligated by law to do so. Today, racial profiling can be placed into two separate meanings, hard profiling and soft profiling. Hard profiling is used in terms of race being the only factor in assessing suspicious criminal behavior. Soft profiling is used when race is one of the factors among various others during probable cause when determining the purpose for a stop. Routine Traffic Stops Research according to Welch (2007) highlights the accuracy of disproportionate ties between African Americans and the act of crime. The common stereotype presented by Whites relates inherent characteristics of Blacks and the long-standing view of criminal behavior (Welch, 2007). Although it is proven that most criminal acts are committed by Whites, the most common perception of criminal behavior is assumed to be executed by Blacks. Racial profiling has the power to doubt the legitimacy of law enforcement and its policies. One of the largest ongoing debates regarding Blacks and the claimed used of racial profiling happens regarding traffic stops. Studies focused on racial profiling including research by Welch (2007) show a greater likelihood for Blacks to be stopped for minor traffic violations as well as nondriving traffic violations (e.g. vehicle defects, license and registration checks) than Whites. This doesnt consider in some cases being more likely to receive a ticket and/or be arrested during a traffic stop (Welch, 2007). Situations like these increase the chances of a separate, yet related, central issue of whether disparity of treatment initiates discrimination. Understanding the difference between the two can allow for the separation if a legal issue imposes. A disparity concerns a difference that may be the result of factors such as legal factors that do not present discrimination. Discrimination, on the other hand, concerns a difference based on contrasting treatments of groups disregarding their behavior and/or qualifications. Specifically related to traffic stops, if a law enforcement officer were to stop a motor vehicle from the impression based upon a level of probable cause (e.g. a violation of the motor vehicle code), this alone is based on disparity. What greater issues may surface following the matter occurring from the traffic stop can lead into crossing the line towards discrimination. With the media involved, this line can be exceptionally thin. Retail Profiling Although racial profiling research has been devoted to uncovering criminal activity within traffic stops, a larger discourse on the use of racial profiling has been in effect at airports in order to identify terrorists and shoplifters (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). Comprehensively, traffic stops and airports have gathered the most interest, but racial profiling in retail settings have recently begun to steal the spotlight in the perspective of both criminologists and business scholars. Blacks who have alleged they have been victim to racial profiling while shopping may describe this as shopping while black, but scholars tend to refer to this as consumer racial profiling (CRP) (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). In the setting of CRP, some can be so quick to victimize an individual by their race raising concern for continued investigation within this form of racial profiling. In business, having prior experience with minorities shoplifting may be a reoccurring claimed theme, leading to a perspective of minorities being more likely to steal, ultimately encouraging the blame through stereotyping (Gabbidon Laws, 2013). In this study Gabbidon and Laws (2013) show an issue with determining who should receive additional suspicion according to the location and neighborhood socio-economics alone. Once more, this increases the targeted minorities and the number of arrests within the minority group. War on Terrorism Racial profiling and its dependence from the government has profoundly extended since the incident on September 11, 2001. Prior to September 11, many Americans were found to be opposed to the concept of racial profiling, but this perspective suddenly changed and was made evident ever since the occurrence of September 11. Following this incident, the Federal Bureau of Investigation had reported an increase of 1600% in hate crimes against the American Muslim population which is estimated to be an average 5.4 million (Padela and Heisler, 2010) This event influenced the announcement of the War on Terrorism, a term describing the global counterterrorism campaign led and launched through America, leading to individuals being arrested, questioned, or detained countrywide due to victimization of racial profiling whether they were guilty or not. War on terrorism is. Critics through this period argued that this campaign had accomplished more damage than it had success seeing that the war in A fghanistan caused the al-Qaeda network to scatter, making it more difficult to counteract. In addition to influencing anti-Americanism throughout the Muslim world, uniting dissimilar groups with common cause. Simultaneously, within the nation, communities of Muslims and Arabs have become a target of U.S. governmental policies falling victim to racial profiling in airports and throughout the streets due to a widespread usage of media. Power Through Media When the media gets involved in public matter, it holds the power of influence on societys mind and perspective on any publicly announced incident. Many studies have overlooked the construction of the media and how easily it can manipulate the publics attitude on racial profiling through simple dialogue. As stated by Graziano, Schuck, and Martin (2010), what qualifies as a problem to the American public at any given moment has more to do with what people are paying attention to, and how they perceive the issue, than with objective conditions. Through framing the issue in a certain manner, the publics perception based on the underlying causes and possible consequences of the issue can be influenced (Graziano et al., 2010). When it comes to the media, racial hoaxes can be a common theme, in other words, when someone concocts a crime and places the blame on someone else because of their race or even when an actual offense has been committed and the blame is placed on an individual becau se of their race (Walker, Spohn, Delone, 2016). Hoaxes gain a great amount of publicity due to their sensational and violent tendencies. As mentioned by Walker et al. (2016), an infamous racial hoax was created by a woman named Susan Smith in South Carolina in the year 1994. She claimed an African-American male had stolen her car with her kids still trapped inside. Reality of the situation was this woman had driven her car, with her children in the backseat, into a lake. Profiling Through Healthcare In comparison with Whites, African Americans have dealt with a disproportionate burden in disease morbidity, mortality, disability, and injury dating back from the pre-Civil War era to present time (Mays, Cochran, Barnes, 2014). Researchers continue to recognize that something has gone wrong regarding the medical treatment of minority patients (Bowser, 2001). According to Bowser (2001), studies continuously reveal disparities between treatment decisions and seem unable to be explained through factors such as economic status, heath insurance status, or even condition upon presentation. However, racial profiling may not be a completely negative aspect in healthcare. As studied by Wolinsky (2011), racial profiling may be a stepping stone towards personalized health care in the form of race-based therapies and diagnostics. Wolinsky (2011) mentions in his study that knowledge of the human genome is increasing while providing openings for opportunities to market specific medical products toward various ethnic groups. While racial profiling works its way into everyday necessities such as healthcare, growing knowledge shuts discrimination down. As of a decade ago, a preliminary sequence of the human genome noted humans were almost the same genetically, which implicated the irrelevancy of race (Wolinsky, 2011). Arizonas New Approach In a different approach, Arizona recently passed a bill in 2010 that many argue is a form of racial bias against immigrants. Arizonas Senate Bill 1070 (S.B. 1070) was passed as an anti-illegal immigration measure and subsequently became known as one of the most broad and strict laws of its kind during the time that it had taken effect (Newman, 2017). As mentioned by Newman (2017), this law requires police to determine the immigrant status of someone arrested or detained when there is some reasonable suspicion that they are not a legal United States citizen. Formally, this law is entitled Support our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act. Prior to the passage of S.B. 1070, the community of Latinos in Arizona had been working to protect both the civil and human rights of Latinos in the state through organizations such as Somos America (We Are America), the National Day Labor Organizing Network, and Los Abogados (Newman, 2017). These were the beginnings of the efforts to combat ant i-Latino and anti-immigrant sentiment throughout the state. Newman (2017) addressed the national debate that the passing of S.B. 1070 had ignited with opponents of the law arguing a lead towards unconstitutional racial profiling with harassment of the Latino community among other minority groups of Arizona. Stop-And-Frisk Failed Remedy The release of the S.B. 1070 is similar to the stop-and-frisk laws in New York City due to the prevalence of racial profiling among each (Newman, 2017). Stop-and-frisk practices began in the 1960s and correlate with the racial profiling of searching and seizing beyond a reasonable suspicion. Reasonable suspicion falls slightly above a gut feeling and below probable cause leaving a low standard to be satisfied when articulating a reason for suspicion to stop and search an individual. The Daniels, et al. v. City of New York, et al. is the landmark case that followed the Terry decision. During this lawsuit, it was alleged that officers had stopped them because of their race and national origin, which was in clear violation of the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause (Newman, 2017). At the end of the settlement, it was determined that the New York Citys stop-and-frisk practices had in fact violated both the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments governing the Court to order a remedial proce ss to which a new set of reforms would be created through the direct input of the people who were most affected by the discriminatory stop-and-frisk practices (Newman, 2017). There remain no laws that are in place to entirely end racial profiling, though it does violate a rudimentary principle of the nations democracy, equal protection of the law. Established in 1868 as the 14th amendment of the Constitution, proclaimed the citizenship of African-Americans and equal protection of these laws that included having the right to life, to liberty, property and due process. Rooted stereotypes and unconscious bias can be abraded through obtaining proper knowledge and exposure to those minorities who arent fit to common stereotypes, and these stereotypes and bias can be controlled by holding those accountable for their own decisions. Instead of allowing oneself to become tangled up in how the media portrays public occurrences, it should be priority to gain the appropriate knowledge of the matter at hand before jumping to any biases or opinions through the influence of others. The use of collected data on racial disparities in police stops should continue to elevat e to reduce problematic behaviors or assumptions. One of the greatest issues at hand to be controlled and eliminated is bias, and to relieve this comes back to acquiring and comprehending the proper knowledge. At the end of the day, it is against everything moral to judge an individual based strictly upon their physical characteristics. This in short is everything that racial profiling is. However, there does exist a group of American citizens who will continue to consider profiling as a tool for protection of security and punishing illegality. So long as this group exists, one that believes profiling creates more harm than benefits will stand alongside. By purposely placing groups as a target for threats, racial profiling brings forth pervasive scrutiny upon many undeserving and innocent citizens, generating a sense of exclusion, alienation, and unnecessary fear. In conclusion, regardless of the debatable views of the existence of racial profiling nationwide, it has continuously been proven by statistical data and social justice organizations to be very much alive in modern society. Since before the time of legalized slavery, racism and bigotry has relentlessly tormented this country. Due to the action of placing specific laws and protections not being taken into effect, racial profiling will refuse to cease.

Volunteering At The Nursing Home - 2743 Words

Danielle Pace July 18, 2015 Volunteering at Nursing Home My project relates to the course objectives twelve and seven this is because it talks about inclusion, in which all types of diversity are respected, appreciated, and valued in America. As well as the vital role of the people in creating and maintaining a society through voluntarism and civic engagement, a role that can complement and replace the role of the government ensuring the well-being of society. Civic engagement involves â€Å"working to form a distinction at intervals the civic life of one’s community and developing the combination of information, skills, values and motivation to form that distinction. It suggests that promoting the quality of life throughout a community, through every political and non-political process† (Erlich, 2000). Civic engagement includes every paid and unpaid style of political policy, environmentalism, and community and repair. Volunteering is one kind of civic engagement. Many of the nation’s volunteer’s group are you ngsters. 59 percent of teenagers in the U.S. are recorded for their participation in youth volunteer. Most youth volunteers do so out of selflessness and by wanting to make a difference throughout other individual’s lives. An inclusive society as a society for bushed which each and every individual, everyone with rights and responsibilities, has a vigorous role to play. Such an inclusive society should be supported respect for all human rights and basic freedoms,Show MoreRelatedVolunteering At A Nursing Home1446 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience that I decided to participate in was volunteering at a nursing home. Hospice centers focus on the care of chronically or terminally ill patients. Volunteering at such a center would require training and certification and a clean bill of health. Nursing homes require similar training for some forms of volunteer service, however there are other options available that still allow direct interaction with residents. I chose to volunteer at the LakePoint Nursing and Rehabilitation Center that is locatedRead More Volunteering at a Nursing Home Essay636 Words   |  3 PagesVolunteering at a Nursing Home I ambitiously decided that I would brighten the lives of the elderly by volunteering at a rest home, but discovered that the elderly were being neglected, shoved aside and forgotten. As I stepped into the home a pungent odor penetrated my nostrils, causing an instantaneous gagging reflex. The place was abounded with neglected and subdued inhabitants, yearning for attention. Anybody that passed them caused a sudden outburst of ranting. The negligence and disregardRead MoreVolunteering At The Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Home Essay937 Words   |  4 Pages Volunteering at the Mary Manning Walsh Nursing Home over the summer was an invaluable experience. As I became more comfortable, I began extending my duties beyond physical tasks such as serving food or transporting residents. I started interacting with the residents on a more personal level, not as a volunteer, but more as a friend. In return, the residents became increasingly open, and the nurses watched as I conversed with residents they had deemed as reserved. Sometimes when I helped residentsRead MoreWhy Volunteering Important?770 Words   |  3 Pagesand making a difference in your community. With busy lives, it can be hard to find time to volunteer, however the benefits of volunteering are enormous to you and your community. A person who volunteers benefits themselves because they get to see how their contribution has made a difference. This experience contributes to personal development. The selfless act of volunteering provides a spiritual enhancement as well. If people neve r help each other and only care about themselves, the world becomesRead MoreEducating Volunteer With The Elderly1744 Words   |  7 PagesIn my home town they have started two very well known organizations that were designed to help the children in the community. These two organizations are known as Kids First and WeCare. The heads of these organizations hold silent auctions, radio auctions, and clothes and food drives to donate to families within the community who are not able to afford to purchase these items on their own budgets. There are to girls who decided that they wanted to help the lower income families within our communityRead MoreProject Leaders : Leadership Skills And Expertise1315 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization or community remains competitive in the worldwide economy. This paper will write about my project leader experience, and how I develop my goal for this project I chose a community service scheme. As a leader, I decided to volunteer in nursing home project, to help my community also to achieve my goal. One of my personal leadership development objectives is to develop interpersonal skill in my community. As an efficient leader, I need to have proficient individuals around me in order thatRead MorePersuasive Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagessweetie, what are you doing?† â€Å"I don’t know, I need something to do this summer.† I sigh. â€Å"Why don’t you go volunteering, all your friends are.† My mom suggested. â€Å"Where would I volunteer at?† I questioned. â€Å"I’m allergic to cats so I can’t go to the humane society, I don’t like gardening or cleaning, and I don’t like children.† I exclaimed. â€Å"Why don’t you help out at Sweet Waters Nursing home?† My older sister chimed in. â€Å"Yeah, all the older people down there get so lonely maybe you could just talkRead MoreMy Interest Towards Family Medicine953 Words   |  4 Pagesgrew up watching them become the de facto health care resources of our neighborhood. This inspired me to venture into the field of medicine. After moving to New York, I was determined to take advantage of the opportunities I had. While volunteering at a nursing home through church, I met several family physicians and internists. I was impressed by their professionalism while interacting with patients. All patients were treated with the same delicate care, despite their array of debilitated statusesRead MoreDisengagement Theory Is The First Formal Theory Of Aging873 Words   |  4 Pagesthat the psychological and social needs of the elderly were no different from those of the middle-aged and that it was neither normal nor natural for older people to become isolated and withdrawn. The basic premise of activity theory is volunteering. Volunteering helps the people who receive services provided by the volunteers. It also helps the volunteers themselves. They can gain social approval from others which helps improve self-esteem. Anxiety levels are lowered and levels of life satisfactionRead MoreExperience Paper Volunteering1305 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Experience Paper Volunteering Psy/215 December 7, 2014 For this paper I took a look at possible volunteer opportunities in my local community. I gave examples of what opportunities were available and how to find information on how to become a volunteer. I choose to use google as my research criterion and found a very resourceful website with the information I needed. As you read my paper you will find information about being a volunteer, what benefits it has, and what opportunities

The Role Of Labor And Its Effects On A Capitalist System

Two men, or more accurately speaking, two novels separated by nearly a century, both examine the importance of labor and its effects on a capitalist system. Adam Smith published the Wealth of Nations in 1776 in which he detailed his concept of the division of labor; a concept he believed would further the productivity of the labor market. In Capital, Volume 1, published in 1867, Karl Marx took a much different stance on the division of labor. Writing nearly a century after the publication of the Wealth of Nations, Marx was in the position of the critiquing Smith’s revolutionary theory of the division of labor. Instead of praising Smith, Marx saw the current state of labor and the capitalist model of society as degrading to the laborer. Through analysis of these two novels, one can see that there exists two very polarizing views on the potential of the division of labor. For Smith, the division of labor presented an entirely novel, almost experimental way to improve the ef ficacy of the market. As such, Smith praised the potential of the division of labor. Marx, writing one hundred years later, witnessed the reality that was the division of labor. He in turn viewed the division of labor as damaging to society. One factor in particular that divided Smith and Marx on the capabilities of labor--and, more specifically, the laborer--was technology. As the technology of their respective times was vastly different, so was their respective views of machinery. For one,Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Labor And Its Effects On A Capitalist System1767 Words   |  8 PagesTwo men, two novels separated by nearly a century, both examine the importance of labor and its effects on a capitalist system. Adam Smith published Wealth of Nations in 1776 in which he details his concept of the division of labor; a concept that he believed would further the productivity of the labor market. In Capital, Volume 1, published in 1867, Karl Marx took a much different stance on the division of labor. Writing nearly a century after the publication of Wealth of Nations, Marx was inRead MoreThe Rise And Demise Of The Postwar Social Structure Of Accumulation By David M. Gordon Et1134 Words   |  5 PagesDemise of the Postwar Social Structure of Accumulation by David M. Gordon et.al, the authors introduces capitalists’ economies and the crisis an economy can face. The two main reasons for crisis can be a capitalist class which is too powerful or too fragile. In Keynesian conditions, a powerful capitalist class will create several changes in aggregate demand (AD decreases). In a fragile capitalist class, the worker income will decrease the rate of exploitation, profits and investments will be minimizedRead MoreThe Economic Structure Of Feudal Society983 Words   |  4 Pagesafter they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guarantees of existence afforded by the old feudal system†¦Just as man is governed, in religion , by the products of his own brain, so, in capitalist production, he is governed by the products of his own hand†¦within the capitalist system all methods for raising the social productiveness of labor are brought about at the cost of the individual laborer; all means for the development of production transform themselves into meansRead MoreMarx Theory Of Reserve Army Of Labour1500 Words   |  6 Pagestheory illustrates how capitalist industries consists of two parts - the machinery and the workers. Capitalist industries expand by sukingin their workers to operate the machinery, upping their wages and attracting more of them. By doing so the worker is necessary to satisfy the needs of the machinery, rather than industry existing to satisfy the worker’s need. This process illustrates how capitalism exploits workers for their labour. Yet migration provides the capitalist industry with a wide arrayRead MoreWhen We Read Capital Volume I By Karl Marx, It Can Certainly1198 W ords   |  5 PagesWhen we read Capital Volume I by Karl Marx, it can certainly seem as though Marx was promoting an individuality in the worker and claiming the way people in a capitalist society behave is unnatural due to being constricted to the system of capitalism. This unnatural system then leads the worker and the capitalist to act in certain ways contrary to what is natural, this leading to an exploitative relationship between the two. However, this view of Marx’s belief neglects the fact that Marx himselfRead MoreKarl Marx : A German Influential Philosopher And One Of The Intellectual Fathers Of Communism1477 Words   |  6 Pageseconomies of individual nations and the global economy itself. He eradicated his view on the effects these changes had on individual workers and society. This introduced many of his theories, one of which was the idea of alienated labor. Alienated labor was written in 1844, Marx sets the view that alienated labor focuses on the idea tha t industrialized capitalism changes the very nature of an individual’s labor from that of creation to that of a form of exploitation. Marx developed his theory of alienationRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s theory of alienation states the consequences of living within a capitalist society that is made up of stratified social classes. The working class is alienated because they are deprived of the right to think or direct their own actions without the oppression of the economic entity controlled by the Bourgeoisie. Emile Durkheim’s theory of anomie was developed during a great capitalist growth, the industrialization revolution. The mass population could not keep up with the constant changeRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1326 Words   |  6 Pagesthese forces in detail and analyze their impact on the structure and culture workplace. Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system that is based on the private ownership of capital or the means of production and the creation of goods and services for profit. Some of the elements central to capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets and a price system. Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of Mercantilism. It was fostered by the Reformation, whichRead MoreSocial Stratification1189 Words   |  5 Pagesas there is division of labor in the society, and that there are variability in the roles with varying degrees of importance, stratification will occur. There is a significant difference in the wages of CEO’s and a minimum wage earner because according to the theory, there is a functional necessity of providing different rewards for different positions in the society in accordance to an individual’s abilities. Because not everyone is qualified for specific positions or roles set by the society, thereRead MoreEmile Durkheim s An Analogy Of A Functioning Organism1171 Words   |  5 Pagesand a cycle of co-operation that entraps the division of labor as Durkheim describes it. He characterizes his version of the division of labor as the explanation of how people feel connected even though they ar e so divided, holding people together in an alternative way to the collective conscience of â€Å"yesteryear† in Durkheim’s day (Durkheim, Lecture 7). Durkheim’s view on the nature of suicide was that social integration played a key role in whether someone was at risk. He made the claim that the

Management 410

Management 410-500 Midterm Essay Question #4Matthew HumphreyThe two most fundamental categories of stock in a new business arecommon stock and preferred stock, which differ in the rights that theyconfer upon their owners. But stocks can also be classified according to anumber of other criteria, including company size and company sector. I willdescribe the different types of stocks that are available and the importantcharacteristics of each of them. Most shares of stock are called common shares. If you own a share ofcommon stock, then you are a partial owner of the company. You are alsoentitled to certain voting rights regarding company matters. Typically,common stock shareholders receive one vote per share to elect the companysboard of directors. The board of directors is the group of individualsthat represents the owners of the corporation and oversees major decisionsfor the company. Common stock shareholders also receive voting rightsregarding other company matters such as stock splits and companyobjectives. In addition to voting rights, common shareholders sometimes enjoy whatare called preemptive rights. Preemptive rights allow common shareholdersto maintain their proportional ownership in the company in the event thatthe company issues another offering of stock. This means that commonshareholders with preemptive rights have the right but not the obligationto purchase as many new shares of the stock as it would take to maintaintheir proportional ownership in the company. But although common stock entitles its holders to a number ofdifferent rights and privileges, it does have one major drawback: commonstock shareholders are the last in line to receive the companys assets. This means that common stock shareholders receive dividend payments onlyafter all preferred shareholders have received their dividend payments. Italso means that if the company goes bankrupt, the common stock shareholdersreceive whatever assets are left over only after all creditors,bondholders, and preferred shareholders have been paid in full. The other fundamental category of stock is preferred stock. Likecommon stock, preferred stock represents partial ownership in a company,although preferred stock shareholders do not enjoy any of the voting rightsof common stockholders. Also unlike common stock, preferred stock pays afixed dividend that does not fluctuate, although the company does not haveto pay this dividend if it lacks the financial ability to do so. The mainbenefit to owning preferred stock is that you have a greater claim on thecompanys assets than common stockholders. Preferred shareholders alwaysreceive their dividends first and, in the event the company goes bankrupt,preferred shareholders are paid off before common stockholders. In general,there are four different types of preferred stock: . Cumulative: These shares give their owners the right to accumulatedividend payments that were skipped due to financial problems; if thecompany later resumes paying dividends, cumulative shareholdersreceive their missed pay ments first. . Non-Cumulative: These shares do not give their owners back paymentsfor skipped dividends. . Participating: These shares may receive higher than normal dividendpayments if the company turns a larger than expected profit. . Convertible: These shares may be converted into a specified number ofshares of common stock. Since preferred shares carry fixed dividend payments, they tend tofluctuate in price far less than common shares. This means that theopportunity for both large capital gains and large capital losses islimited. At the beginning stages of businesses it is better to issue stockoutright rather than to use stock options. Stock can be issued for littlecost and thereby provide the founders certain benefits of direct stockownership and avoid some of the drawbacks of stock options. One importantdifference between stocks and options is that stocks give you a small pieceof ownership in the company while options are just contracts that give youthe right to buy or sell the stock at a specific price by a specific date.

Outline and Evaluate Essay Example

Outline and Evaluate Paper Feminism is a movement for women trying to get equal rights for themselves. Feminism first emerged in the late 60s, but women as early as the beginning of the 20-century, called the Suffragette movement tried to get the vote for women. The Feminism movement of the 60s and especially feminist sociologists were critical of sociology, for ignoring gender issues and women and research being malestream. And so feminists took it upon themselves to open up new research other than that of research by men focusing on men. The new areas of research by women were taken into the work place, education and health. The womens liberation Movement in the early 60s founded the feminist perspective and had 7 aims such as: equal pay, equal education and job opportunities, 24-hour nurseries, free contraception and abortion, legal and financial independence for women. And end to discrimination against lesbians and the right of all women to define their own sexuality and an end to all the laws, assumptions and institutions that perpetuate male dominance and mens aggression towards women. These 7 aims led to research into institutions such as the work place and education system to work out what could be done. Early feminists are critical of malestream research in sociology. They argue that a lot of important sociological research is focused on men, this is called malestream sociology. Feminist research has contributed to the research into the position of women in society. In this research the key concepts developed are gender, ideology and patriarchy, and gender in particular will come across in all topics of research. An example of malestream and recent feminist approach to research is in sociology of deviance. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The traditional malestream approach focused on juvenile delinquency, football hooliganism and other predominantly male deviance while the feminist approach looks at the crime against women such as domestic and sexual assaults and the victims of crime, not the criminals. More relevant to todays society is the research in education, in the early 60s through to early 90s girls always did worse than boys in school, and so feminists took it upon themselves to research why girls did worse than boys. Research by Dale Spender (1983) Invisible Women The schooling scandal. Showed that schools reinforce gender inequalities, her evidence was that the boys received 60% of the attention. Jane French (86) said socialisation of the children is the problem, they are conditioned to except roles. Sue sharp (76) Just like a girl Research suggested secondary education was to blame for the gender gap and sexism. All this research by feminists has made the central government focus on the inequalities in education. Nowadays more attention and effort is given to girls on achieving, GCSEs and A level coursework favours girls and now girls are doing better than boys. This is shown in Sue Sharps re-study (90) showed that fewer women were conforming to stereotypes, suggesting that the sexism and gender gap in education is becoming smaller. This shows that research by feminists can actually strongly benefit the women of society and contribute to sociology. Sociology would class that there are 3 main feminist perspectives, Liberalism, Marxist and Radical. While feminists would argue there are 7 main feminist perspectives, which also include Feminist Marxist, Materialist, Socialist and Black. These 7 feminist approaches have all contributed to sociological research by researching different aspects of society. Marxist feminists regard the economic position of women as crucial to their oppression. Veronica Beechey (1977) regard womens position in the family makes them a special target for capitalist exploitation- women still seen as primarily unpaid homemakers dependant on husbands finance. Research such as this has led to government handing out financial aid to women of families, which gives women money directly, which they can spend when they need it. Christine Delphy (1984) is a materialist feminist rather than a Marxist feminist because she claims Marxism cannot explain womens oppression; Karl Marx sees a genderless proletariat and does not pay enough attention to women. She uses the Marxist method but alters the content of its theories. She says there are two modes of production: industrial and domestic. The latter leads to patriarchal exploitation and the formation of two classes: men and women in which the man exploits his wife for sexual and domestic services. He dominates and controls. Women are domestic slaves. So Christine Delphy would argue that research has highlighted the problem but know we need to do something about it. The feminist contribution to sociological research has been strong. It has pointed out patriarchy in the home, and in society and education and in research it self. Black feminists would argue that feminist theory as a whole lacks concern and relevance to black women, they see the feminist theory has been about western women ignoring third world women. And so the Black feminist movement has led to research for black women and a greater awareness of the inequalities black women face around the world. In all the feminism has contributed a lot to sociological research, as originally research just focused on males, but now 50% of all research focuses on women as well which allows sociology to be more relevant to society. Evidence to show that feminists have contributed to sociological research is in the education institution. Before research on girls in education, boys were doing much better at exams, but since the research on girls in education. Girls are doing much better than boys in exams, which shows that the research actually helped people and is relevant to society. But now the question is, is the feminist contribution to research still relevant, as the research already done highlights the problems for females in society. But the answer is yes as we need the research to show that we are not converting back to a patriarchy society, and that we are still striking a balance in research and not being malestream.

The Race

The Race Descriptive-Narrative Essay The day had come! I had won, crossing the sprayed white finish line on the scorching black rubber track. My high sense of excitement warred against the total fatigue of my body. Time suspended itself in a single frame, trapped in a perfect crystal. This day seemed mystical and felt like it could only be accomplished in the most vivid of dreams.May 22, 2000 contained the greatest event of the entire track season, the Mid Miami League Championship. To even compete in this historic event proved that a track runner deserved to be remembered forever in the history books. I was a part of the proud few chosen to represent our school, the Miamisburg Vikings. I was ready to do battle for my school, like a devoted soldier ready to defend his country. Annihilation of all competition in the one hundred meter hurtles remained my only objective.Aerial view of Miamisburg, a city in southern Mont...The one hundred-meter hurtles stretched before my gaze. There were ten- bl ack and white, perfectly spaced, their peeling structures showing their age over the years. They rested upon the burning hot serpent that displayed its distinctive white lines running parallel down its black skin. The competition seemed grim and desolate. I knew this race was mine until I saw the evil one destined to bring my doom.His name, Randy Smith. Stone cold gray eyes and wild jet-black hair instantly put a fear in my body greater than that of the dark. His body, strong and lean, looked as if chiseled from a rare diamond of a supernatural realm. I watched as he paced back and forth with an unholy look of determination in his eyes. He turned to see me studying him and arrogantly walked over. With authority he said, "Hey Chris, you better be feeling good today,

Marketing - Analyzing Buyer Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing - Analyzing Buyer Behavior - Essay Example Floor care products are majorly bought by women who range between 36 to 50 years who are married and take care of their dwellings. Women are majorly concerned about the cleanliness at home and aim at buying products that maintain hygiene at nominal price. As women in today's world are equal bread earners, they are independent to make purchase decisions. The consumer product proposal is good. As mentioned, there must be a new product line improved as a new market strategy to attract new customers and also to retain the existing customer by providing them different options. The new product line must concentrate more on the price and efficacy than the eco friendly and safety aspects of it. As the price factor is the priority of the customers, there has to be a relatively decrease in price for the product to compete with the existing products in the market. By decreasing the manufacturing cost and also reducing the cost of the product, there can be an increase in the volume of goods sold in the market and it will reach the customers effectively. Higher the volume of sales, greater is the profit. These new products can be marketed to mass merchandises like Walmart and K mart in their premier shelves as the inflow of people on a daily basis is very high and people believe in their prices and products. Expanding in to other retail sectors are also a good strategic move, as they can attract a different set of new customers and is a good market development. Expanding in to new sector will familiarize the product and brand in the market. The marketing strategies like online sales will be an added advantage as people now adays prefer online buying which is very comfortable. Online buying has become one o the most common ways of purchasing a products since the last decade. Online sales have doubled during the past two years, with 53 percent of US Web users saying they have made interactive purchases so far in 1999. ("Pastore", 1999) There can be few more consumer recommendations like anti bacterial product which prevents floor from infections, easy usage of the products by providing free liquid sprays, refreshing fragrant liquid, easy stain removal sprays etc. The proposal for commercial product is good; it has aimed at diversifying its supply areas to hospital and nursing homes as the hospitality industry is untapped. The commercial proposal will definitely work because of the increase in span of supply to other commercial sectors and concentrating on the pricing strategy. Whether it is an individual or an organization, they look at optimization of the product and a better value for money. When a product is sold at a nominal cost in the market and is also efficient, it has a better market penetration. A private label floor cleaner will be a good growth strategy as it will have good market development. The health care sector has a high concern for cleanliness and hygiene. It can be observed from any health care organization that there is a high level of abidance for cleanliness. There will be a house keeper who will keep cleaning the floor for at least five to ten times in a day. Their usage is also high where there is a high volume sales opportunity. Adding

Analysis of THE WIRE-Episode 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of THE WIRE-Episode 3 - Essay Example With Pryzbylewski and Colvin and other characters the story makes a deeper impact on the minds of audience. For Pryzbylewski, it is heard to teach students in an environment which is infected by drugs and unethical values and behaviors. The episode is a fine mixture of different topics and events that revolves around different subjects and characters. The episode covers the most controversial topic that how people play an effective role in running the politics. It starts from the scene when the Mayor Clarence Royce meets with the police commissioner Ervin Burrell to disclose his opinion on the brutal killing of a murder witness. However, his failure caused him a greater disadvantage over his opponent Tommy Carcetti that gained him a clear distinction in votes over Royce. On the other hand, Burrell assures the mayor that investigations will be made in order to find out the real case behind the brutal murder of the witness. Royce plans on how he can win a complete victory over Carcetti. He knows how to play his dirty political cards rightly against Carcetti. He orders Parker to demotivate Carcetti’s supporters and at the same time, he asks Burrell and Demper to organize a press conference and take all the blam e of this specific murder on their shoulders; leaving him as an innocent Mayor who has been kept uninformed of all the situation and the gravity of the situation. His dirty thoughts start worrying Demper who is very much conscious about his own reputation in the re-election campaign but Royce threatens him and his career. Watkins silently observes the entire situation and blames Royce for his actions. Earlier, he has proposed a witness protection scheme and lays down the plans for its funding but Royce wanted to make sure that funds for the scheme should match his own budget. As a result, the Royce failed to guarantee life security to the witness and is now facing all the stern opposition

Constitution and Administrative Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Constitution and Administrative Law - Coursework Example The case was held by Lord Reid, that it was the state was liability to compensate the damage caused to the Japanese. This was awarded successfully. However, there was a retrospective Act of parliament that was formed 1965 following war damages. This law outlined that no compensation was to be awarded following a lawful order from a legitimate person in authority, as long as it is in the favor of the state. A Law is a body of principles; rules and regulations recognized and applicable to a state in the management of justice.3 Due to different areas of their application, laws are grouped into different categories such as constitutional law, administration law, and criminal law among the others. Constitutional law is concerned with the powers and role of institutions within the state and with the relationship between the state and the citizen.4 The constitution is a lively, dynamic entity which at any point in time; reflects the political and moral values of the people it governs. Accordingly, the law of the constitution must be appreciated within the social and political context in which it operates. There are three major arms of government including the judiciary, legislature, and executive. Judiciary is concerned with the enforcement of rules and regulations in the society. The main role of the legislature is to create and amend laws. The executive arm of government is concerned with planning and implementation of plans and developmental roles of government in the society. Every government has a law making body that is concerned with the amendments and creation of new laws in the society.5 Law changes and nature of rules are meant to boost efficiency and effectiveness of the governance of the people in the society. â€Å"The law making body of government is referred to as legislature and parliament is the sovereign body of the legislation in most states†6 Parliament being the sovereign legislative body has sole jurisdiction over its

A Scope Of Microsoft Essay -- essays research papers

There are many factors that must be considered when â€Å"scoping† out a company for a potential merger or acquisition. I being the CEO of a major competitive software manufacturing company look for many things. Things such as strategic planning, financial performance, technological advances and marketing opportunities are just some of the factors that must be looked at when considering another company for acquisition. In this case, Microsoft Corporation is our target. I will be examining the above-mentioned factors before making my decision on whether or not an acquisition will be feasible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Corporation was founded in 1975 by William H. Gates III. The company, which was inspired by Gates, had a vision of computers powered by software developed by the company being a way of life. The goal was to integrate computers into people’s everyday lives. The company started out in Gates’ garage with primitive technology and unlimited aspiration. Today the company has grown to be the world’s number one software developer and manufacturer. The company offers a very diverse line of products ranging from home user applications to high tech business software. Microsoft develops and manufactures a full line of games, web publishing, and most importantly, it’s number one piece of software, Windows 2000 and ever-popular Office 2000. The world basically runs on Microsoft software. The software is shipped with 70% of the world’s computers giving Microsoft a total of over 19 billion dollars in revenues for 1999. Microsoft has re cently emerged in the world of Internet Service Providers (ISP’s) to become a competitor of the well-known America Online. The Microsoft Network (MSN) as it is known offers users the same advantages of the leading ISP’s while incorporating its own technology to make the online experience more user friendly and technologically advanced than the others. MSN allows users to interface their online work with their regular operating software to allow for easier web publishing, more advanced multimedia presentations, and quicker processing time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There have been many issues concerning Microsoft’s strategies. Many say that the company is only in the market to take over and monopolize. As a matter of fact, the United States Government is currently in a civil anti-trust case against the company. Evid... ... and manufacturer that will occupy every sector of the software industry. Our manufacturing plants can be consolidated and re-structured to cut costs, wile adapting to manufacture the new software line that my company would introduce. Our management team can be re-structured as well so that strategic planning and decision-making will better implement our new ideas and technological advances. Finally, our market share will be greatly increased because of the ability to be exposed to countries that we are not currently involved in. I feel that a combination of our companies would be probably the most beneficial event that could occur in my company. Microsoft has proven itself to be the number one software company in the world; together we would be unstoppable. One problem with this joint venture would be the matter with the pending Anti-Trust case, which would probably be further fueled by this joint venture. Whatever the outcome of the case, which by the way seems to be nearing a settlement, I feel that the newly formed company will be the best thing that has happened in software since 1975. **All factual and financial information was taken from Microsoft’s 1999 Financial Report.

Dowry System Essay

In India, dowry (Hindi: à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤Å", DahÄ“ja) is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to a bridegroom’s family along with the bride. Generally, they include cash, jewellery, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils and other household items that help the newlywed set up her home. Wedding gifts of the son of the imam of Delhi India with soldiers and 2000 guests The dowry system is thought to put great financial burden on the bride’s family. It has been cited as one of the reasons for families andwomen in India resorting to sex selection in favor of sons. This has distorted the sex ratio of India (940 females per thousand males) and may have given rise to female foeticide. The payment of a dowry has been prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Contents 1 Prevalence 2 Laws 3 Social factors 4 Economic factors 5 Domestic violence 5.1 Physical abuse 5.2 Emotional abuse 5.3 Murder 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Prevalence The trends regarding dowry in India vary across the nation.[6] Over the last few decades, there has been an observed transition from the brideprice system, where wealth flows from the groom to the bride’s family, to the dowry system where wealth flows in the opposite direction. According to studies, areas in south India have traditionally practiced the brideprice system, even among  upper castes. In the north, societal differences in marriage led upper castes to practice a dowry system, while in lower classes brideprice was more common. Wedding Procession- Bride Under a Canopy with Gifts. Circa 1800 In the last 100 years, the dowry system has taken over the brideprice system, and the existing dowry system is becoming more entrenched in cultures that have practiced it traditionally. According to research, brideprice has been declining since the beginning of the 20th century, and today very little is still in practice. Rather, dowry has been growing both in families participating and in cost across India. Studies show there are also variations on dowry prevalence based on geography and class. States in the north are more likely to participate in the dowry system among all classes, and dowry is more likely to be in the form of material and movable goods.[5] In the south, the brideprice system is still more likely, and is more often in the form of land, or other inheritance goods. This system is tied to the social structure of marriage, which keeps marriage inside or close to family relations.[5] Dowry also varies by cl ass, or caste, in India. Upper-class families are more likely to engage in the dowry system than the lower class. This could be in part due to women’s economic exclusion from the labor market in upper classes. Laws See also: Dowry law in India Dowry became prohibited by law in 1961 with the purpose of prohibiting the demanding, giving and taking of dowry. Although providing dowry is illegal, it is still common in many parts of India for a husband to seek a dowry from the wife’s family, in some cases leading to extortion or violence against the wife. To stop offences of cruelty by the husband or his relatives against the wife, section 498A was added to the Indian Penal Code and section 198A to the Criminal Procedure Code in 1983. Section 498A has been criticised by many in India as being prone to misuse. The law was challenged in court, but upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 2005. Social factors Social changes across time have contributed to the modern dowry system in  India. Some of the social factors influencing dowry include tradition, increased women’s rights, and the â€Å"marriage squeeze†, which is the shortage of eligible men for marriage. Tradition is certainly one explanation given by scholars to address the prevailing dowry system. One aspect of this is the structure and kinship of marriage in parts of India. In the north, marriage usually follows a patrilocal (lives with husband’s family) system, where the groom is a non-related member of the family. This system encourages dowry perhaps due to the exclusion of the bride’s family after marriage as a form of premortem inheritance for the bride. In the south, marriage is more often conducted within the bride’s family, for example with close relatives or cross-cousins, and in a closer physical distance to her family. In addition, brides may have the ability to inherit land, which makes her more valuable in the marriage, decreasing the chance of dowry over the bride price system. In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social customs or rituals, and parents expectations of dowry are important factors to consider. Several studies show that while attitudes of people are changing about dowry, the institution has changed very little, and even continues to prevail. In a study conducted by Rao (1980), 75% of students responded that dowry was not important to marriage, but 40% of their parents’ likely expected dowry. The social and traditional influence on dowry is not to be neglected. While India has been making progress for women’s rights, women continue to be subject of their family and husband. Women’s education, income, and health are some significant factors that play into the dowry system, and for how much control a woman has over her marriage. According to data, India still limits women’s social interactions, and restricts economic and social rights. In addition, the stress and financial burden of the dowry system may lead to son preference, which can lead to a skewed sex ratio (see also the economic factors and domestic violence sections). Lastly, there is a stro ng argument given for the â€Å"marriage squeeze† trend for dowry. This theory explains that increased fertility coupled with decreased mortality has caused a shortage of eligible men has declined, raising the dependence on and cost of dowry. This increases women’s competition in the marriage market, and decreases their value compared to other brides, unless dowry is competitive. According to Rao (1993), these  conditions will be less critical as marriage age increases for women, and pressure to find a mate declines. Indian weddings can be lavish events that can last multiple days Economic factors There are many economic factors that contribute towards the system of dowry. Some of these include inheritance systems and the bride’s economic status. Because female-based inheritance was not legal in India until law reforms in the 1950s, dowry may have begun as a form of legal inheritance for daughters. The system would give women economic and financial security in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same time. This system can also be used as a premorteminheritance, as once a woman is presented with movable gifts, she may be cut off from the family estate. The act of bidding farewell to one’s own family members as the bride leaves her home and steps into that of her husband’s is often an emotional one However, as the system evolved, dowry has become a greater financial burden on the family, and can leave families destitute based on the demands from the groom. According to research done by Heyer (1992) and Srinivasan (2005), the amount of gold demanded as dowry has increased from around five pavun (1 Pavun= 8 grams) in 1930 to 100 or more pavun in 2000. The increase in dowry prices has immense implications on families and on women in Indian society including physical and emotional abuse, murder, and sex selective abortion and infanticide (see #Domestic violence section). Another factor affecting dowry is the bride’s economic status. When a bride’s family is from a upper class (or caste), the family is expected to pay more for her dowry, and provide a grand display of wealth. This can be detrimental to a bride ’s wedding prospects if the family cannot afford the dowry, and can lead to some women either being forced into an unfavorable marriage or not marrying at all.Women in higher castes are also sometimes not expected to contribute financially to the family she enters, besides household work, which may cause the prevalence of dowry over brideprice. Domestic violence Dowry is considered a major contributor towards observed violence against women in India. Some of these offences include physical violence, emotional abuses, and even murder of brides and girls. National Crime Records in India reported approximately 6,000–7,000 dowry-related deaths every year and about 43,000–50,000 cases of mental and physical torture over the years from 1999-2003, indicating that violence and dowry are a serious national concern. Physical abuse Physical violence against women has been a growing concern in India over the last few decades. Recently married women can be a target for dowry related violence, because she is tied economically and socially to her new husband. As discussed in previous sections on social and economic factors, dowry can undermine the importance of women in society, which might lead to further domestic violence, because dowry may contribute to women’s inferior status in her family and in her culture. In addition, there are studies indicating dowry as a threat, or hostage type situation, in order to attain greater funds from the bride’s family. This can be seen in young (and often pregnant) brides, who are most vulnerable in the situation.[16] This type of stuation can occur with the threat or occurrence of violence, so that the bride’s family is left with no choice but to give more dowry to protect their daughter. In these cases, the husband and his family hold immense power, while the bride is left powerless; this can lead to murder and suicide. The areas of the greatest observed dowry related violence is in the Indian statesof Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar. Emotional abuse The impact of dowry can leave a woman helpless and desperate, which can cumulate in emotional trauma and abuse. Brides are often considered owned by their husbands, and often have very little power in the marriage, which can lead to depression and suicide. Dowry reinforces these beliefs and is considered to escalate effects of emotional trauma in a marriage. Murder The system of dowry has also been linked to murder of young brides. Physical abuses described above can also result in murder. These murders can arise due to the financial demands from a husband, or dissatisfaction of the bride from the groom’s family. In addition, the concept of â€Å"Bride Burning† refers to the sacrificial murder of a bride who is unsatisfactory to her husband in the form of dowry. In these cases, the woman is considered a sacrifice to her husband due to her inadequacy, and is glorified as an honorable woman. These cases reinforce the structured violence against women, while glorified as being â€Å"purer or more sacred than a dowry death†. In addition to bride murder, the institution of dowry may also reinforce sex-selective abortion and female infanticide.[14] Due to the social and economic burdens of dowry, families may choose boys over girls, so that they avoid consequences of the system. This then may strengthen gendered violence and pref erential male treatment in society. There are laws like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 that help to reduce domestic violence and to protect women’s rights. References 1. Jump up^ Godrej ‘Nupur Jagruti’- Dahej Ke Khilaf Ek Awaz 2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Anderson, Siwan (2007). â€Å"The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice†. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 21 (4): 151–174. doi:10.1257/jep.21.4.151. 3. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Srinivasan, Sharada (2005). â€Å"Daughters or Dowries? The Changing Nature of Dowry Practices in South India†. World Development 33 (4): 593–615.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.12.003. 4. Jump up^ Census of India – India at a Glance : Sex Ratio 5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dalmia, Sonia; Pareena G. Lawrence (2005). â€Å"The Institution of Dowry in India: Why It Continues to Prevail†. The Journal of Developing Areas 38 (2): 71–93.doi:10.1353/jda.2005.0018. 6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Bhat, P. N. Mari; Shiva S. Halli (1999). â€Å"Demography of Brideprice and Dowry: Causes and Consequences of the Indian Marriage Squeeze.†. Population Studies 53 (2): 129–148.doi:10.1080/00324720308079. 7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Rao, V. (1993). â€Å"Dowry ‘inflation’ in rural India: A statistical investigation†. Population Studies 47 (2): 283–293. doi:10.1080/0032472031000147016. 8. Jump up^ Hutton, J.H. (1963). Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and Origins. Bombay: Oxford University Press. 9. Jump up^ Srinivas, M.N. (1989). The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 10. Jump up^ â€Å"Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt†. The Times Of India. 2010-08-17. 11. Jump up^ â€Å"Sushil Kumar Sharma vs Union Of India And Ors on 19 July, 2005†. Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2013-02-18. 12. ^ Jump up to:a b Krishnaswamy, Saroja (1995). â€Å"Dynamics of p ersonal and social factors influencing the attitude of married and unmarried working women towards dowry†. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 25 (1): 31–42. 13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Rao, V.V. Prakasa; V. Nandini Rao (1980). â€Å"The Dowry System In Indian Marriages: Attitudes, Expectations And Practices†. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 10 (1): 99–113. 14. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f SRINIVASAN, SHARADA; ARJUN S. BEDI (2007). â€Å"Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South Indian Village†. World Development 35 (5): 857–880.doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.08.005. 15. ^ Jump up to:a b c Seager, Joni (2009). The Penguin Atlas of Women in the World. New York: Penguin Group. 16. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Teays, Wanda (1991). â€Å"The Burning Bride: The Dowry Problem in India†. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 7 (2): 29–52. 17. ^ Jump up to:a b Srinivasan, Padma; Gary R. Lee (2004). â€Å"The Dowry System in Northern India: Women’s Attitudes and Social Change†. Journal of Marriage and Family 66 (5): 1108–1117.doi:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00081.x. 18. ^ Jump up to:a b Bloch, Francis; Vijayendra Rao (2002). â€Å"Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural India†. The American Economic Review 92 (4): 1029–1043.doi:10.1257/00028280260344588. 19. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g PRASAD, B. DEVI (1994). â€Å"Dowry-Related Violence: A Content Analysis of News in Selected Newspapers†. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 25 (1): 71–89. 20. ^ Jump up to:a b Hackett, Michelle T. (2011). â€Å"Domestic Violence against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes across India†. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 42 (2): 267–288. External links[edit]

Graffiti And Street Art Museum - 1650 Words

While waiting for on a train, the mobile art museum known as graffiti passes you. Graffiti has been integrated into the everyday life regardless of city size or laws. By definition, graffiti is any type of writing or drawing scribbled, scratched or sprayed onto a surface in public. Freehanded graffiti has evolved into a premeditated version known as street art. Graffiti and street art allows artists worldwide to express themselves in their entirety. However, these forms of art are considered vandalism because the majority of graffiti is painted on buildings without permission. This causes debate on who owns public space, expressionism, and consent. With help of Thierry Guetta, a French boutique owner turned freelance videographer, the world of graffiti and its artists are exposed in Exit through the Gift Shop. Well-known artists such as Shephard Fairey, Invader, Borf, and many others are captured by Guetta’s camcorder. 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